It is up to the Frankfurt School the merit of having initiated an analysis of social and political phenomena on the basis of the mechanisms and dynamics of the human soul deep, with studies on authority and the family, the authoritarian personality, the one-dimensional man repressive society of advanced capitalism, in which the interpretative categories of philosophy and sociology are integrated with those of psychology and, more specifically, of psychoanalysis. This allowed to focus and explain conditions of collective behavior - such as conformity, submission, gregariousness, head of the myth - that reach the widest possible dissemination and the most devastating effects in totalitarian regimes.
What Hannah Arendt (1963) has described as the ' banality of evil' , highlighting the inability of the common German citizen, under the Nazis, to feel the enormity of Hitler's designs stemming from his childhood delirium omnipotence, had already been brought back, two decades earlier (1941), by Erich Fromm in his case and decisive: " escape from freedom", from responsibility, anxiety, pain, from the risks it entails. An attitude, this, found in modern man as a byproduct of deliverance from the bonds of society regressive "pre-individualistic," which in earlier times forced and limited the choices of human beings, but together they served to a safer and less problematic its existence.
The 'weight' of freedom and the refusal to deal with the trouble and cost-per ineptitude, mental laziness or weakness of character-promoting tax evasion in the illusory dimension of religion and superstitious beliefs, leading with the idea a destiny prefigured, acceptance, resignation and blind obedience to the 'authority injunction "(Fromm) so-called experts, priests and holy men of sacred and arcane. This explains the revival of religions, sects, cults, esoteric in societies 'secular'. Politically, then, the 'escape from freedom' is the source of unconditional subjection to a head, wrongly called 'charismatic', according to an abused cliché.
The 'charisma', in fact, it is the attribute of a person who recognizes, in a completely disinterested, with good reason and evidence to the contrary, the practice continued, coherent a set of intellectual and moral virtues, pushed to self-denial. The relationship of subordination, in contrast, is based on a totally irrational identification with the Head, which takes different forms and degrees - from falling in the visceral, the servile submission, fear of punishment and the calculation of personal benefit - and solidifies in a choice of loyalty to the man who was forced by the power of material which has come into possession, whatever he says and whatever he does, as long as the public continues to appear on the scene wrapped the aura of its overt power.
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Years after the release of Erich Fromm's essay on the refusal of Western man to live his final period as the end of childhood, the beginning of adulthood and entry into the realm of autonomy, Carlo Emilio Gadda, in Italy, gave vent long brood indignation against Fascism - which had until last, however, at least formally joined - by writing a pamphlet with the significant title of "Eros and Priapus : from anger to ashes " (1945) *.
Gadda's text is, first, a critical witness irrational essence of fascism, developed with a exceptional ability to read the signs and made with linguistic means of extraordinary relevance and effectiveness, although not devoid of a good deal of resentment, which, however, may affect the overall artistic catharsis, but does not diminish the strength and consistency of analysis. It is both the revelation of the 'black hole' that is hidden in the recesses of the human soul and find in dictatorships and autocratic regimes in the soil more suitable ways to manifest itself in mindless and barbaric forms, coarse and cruel related to it.
Driven by the need to understand fascism beyond interpretations of history, sociology and political, that can only partly to grasp the 'destructive and self-destructive internal dynamics, Gadda focuses his attention on the forms of public communication in which the regime was expressed (from' huge gatherings' and the direct dialogue between the leader and his people) as well as the multiplicity of unpublished rituals, it is not known if more gruesome or more ridiculous, invented to manage the agreement.
Not being a psychiatrist by profession, he relies on its 'nose' (as did Suetonius and Tacitus to reveal the background of the Empire) was able to make sense of seemingly insignificant details and unearthing the plot of elementary drives, below the level of conscious and statements of official proclamations, which, better than any historical interpretation, serves to explain the collective madness of the Italians during the Fascist period. His analysis, while remaining strictly adhering to the chosen context, assumes that an exemplary typical diagnosis of a disease which historic pandemic, which in all dictatorships of any kind and nature, but also where you establish a relationship between deviant citizens and the powers, manifests itself in a particularly virulent and insidious.
Fascism is described, in fact, beyond the consciousness altered by the mechanisms of rationalization that the Italians had as accomplices or supporters passive in its reality of great lies, deception and self-deception, fraud organized, systematic lying, of "funeral Priapus", staged by a band of adventurers who, by banning all things to all with a series of decree-law of civil liberty baked a machine gun, was only intended to secure the maximum advantage over other potential rivals and competing cliques. These concrete and not too secret, because buying motives free movement had to be disguised under the banner of his country, duty and sacrifice, making sure that the 'home' with the interests of his party and intends to 'duty' and 'sacrifice' especially as the obligations of others.
But why the lie of the few becomes a viable option for many and continues to be believed, despite all the denials of the facts and why the perverse mechanism, once set in motion, can not be stopped, but continues to run swirl to produce predictable outcomes fatal?
This is incomprehensible without taking into account the propensity of the masses to "escape from freedom", facilitated and supported by the emergence of leaders from the immature personality, in which, say, on eros vital, positive, self-sacrificing its 's adult prevail and a series of fixations regressions to the stages of infantile sexuality.
Complementarity sign of regressive settled between Mussolini (in truth, never mentioned by the writer), his staff and hierarchs (characterized for their "recklessness hebephrenic") and the people cheering. consensus of which he boasted had a vital need and obsessively - as someone else after him-he loved so check applicant, drawing grounds for complacency, and excuse to indulge their 'itching', is stressed by Gadda to great effect and Representative interpretation.
Harsh is a portrait of Mussolini, approached the figure of other despots, like Nero, Tiberius or Louis XIV, who, however, went so far as to permit the unrestrained ambitions, obsessions, corruption, vices personal jeopardize the fate of the state.
Mussolini is the ' autoerotòmane hereditary affected by violence, "the" furious sucker, "which, unlike Orlando is not pushed to amazing business for the love of Angelica, does not live the' eros in its sublimated forms and " softened, but consuming it as a perennial priapesca car show and as such relies on the unconscious aspects of sexuality and more animal-like male and female, serving as a model of manliness, understood as the lowest term.
He communicated with the crowd and not so much not only with the flood of cliches, empty formulas, the pull of speech, but with gestures and physicality allusive - the frequent protrusion of the lips, the habit of joining the thumb and index in the gesture of Vanni Fucci, the enthusiasm with which stood on the balcony, the swinging of the hips obtained by the stand on his toes, which aroused the howls of the crowd chanted rhythmically crammed into the square, almost a delirium of love.
Against the Italian youth of the male gender, despite the current myth of the "youth, springtime of beauty" - which actually escape from their concrete historical connotations young individual, social, substituting an abstract, disembodied, fiction-the attitude of the Cape was to shape the model which he believed to represent perfection, to want, that is, identical to itself, as so many clones and surrogates, to be sent, then, to die in war, according to a sadistic impulse led to the complete negation of the other self .
As a father-master, he is also in attitudes towards women. And 'perhaps the most interesting aspect of this perspicuous and the examination of Gadda, that despite the tone of satire and dell'invettiva, is a contribution to knowledge and intelligence required to enable transit from the 'madness' to 'reasonable living'. But more than the explanation of the true nature of 'love' of Mussolini for women, which was resolved, since the character in the mere desire of possession, complacency and in the search for self-confirmation achieved through possession-like Moreover, usually happens in male rough character, even the rich and powerful and, perhaps, for that is instructive to follow-Gadda in search of the reasons they cite to explain the infatuation, falling in love, trust, sometimes up to push for the Duce fanaticism of most of the female population of different social status .
Mussolini, who was that smart, it was the first to realize the importance of attracting women to his side, as the element most politically inexperienced, poorly equipped culturally and naturally more docile. I know that at this point, feminism and most uncritical way, may turn up their nose. But we must not forget that the writer is programmatically committed to probing the unconscious dimension, archaic, primordial human being: it does not consider the 'soul', in which the 'logos', but the animal spirits, the instincts, the "vital lusts," those to whom the tyrants of all times and places are addressed, making it the basis of their power and their fortunes. The picture that emerges is bitter, but persuasive and demystifying.
E 'ruthless, but the exact level of interpretation, the verdict of "nymphomania policy " Gadda attributed by the swarm of young women, eroticized by the phrases' asinine' leader, who succumb to hysteria trilling, nitrites and gargle on the 'homeland' and perfidious England and approach the policy without the slightest awareness and preparation, perhaps lured by the improvised form of participation, and to gain advantages or subsidies to enable the 'short circuit' for a fast career and tech, the prefect or the minister, for their men (they were still days away in which women were directly cultivated for himself these impromptu ambitions).
death gore In the story, when the gaze is no longer raised on a different and more desirable future, which is always difficult and painful creation and construction of our mind, the mud invades and pervades the collective life and everything becomes possible for those who are at ease in this.
Experience centuries of the Church the aspiring despot Italian derived the idea of \u200b\u200busing women as 'instrumentum kingdoms', doubling its number of consensus and enhanced the role of cohesion that women play within the family and society . And he knew how to capture the sympathy and support with the performance of its blatant masculinity and its power, exacerbated by a symbolism designed to penetrate the soul of women (the riding, boots, spurs, the bearskin etc. ). Moving to meet the preferences of biogenetic women, who have a dislike to the 'philosophers' and men prefer vigorous, determined in the words and resolutions, determined in the proceedings, to lean on and get support from which he appears and is credited as the 'male males', overshadowing all other competitors or assigning them to the subordinate role of delegates' exercise material of masculinity. It came to establish and to accept the equation liar: 'I am home ' , 'I am the Poppoli ' (with two, three, four 'p' assertive), an equation that once insinuatasi minds uncritical of the various geese, and Sofonisba Sofronie, impressed by the scenic elements with which it was disclosed, became truth consolidated, as occurs with the truths of faith.
Other ways and other means were adopted to capture the trust of the female gender, the exaltation of the public value of the family (by those in private not held in any account, and was even in the odor of bigamy) protection Maternity and Children (which seemed the more the expression of a generous heart and was only the product of a calculation) to the donations of prizes according to the criteria of convenience, arbitrariness, caprice.
'That is really a man!' people said with imprecise and ambiguous expression. 'What would Italy be without man! '... For a country that has no memory was not enough that all that' rage 'activist, behind which there was only misery moral arrogance and careerism, has been translated into rubble and' ash '.
'Every man for himself, until we have time, by men of this race !!!'.
www.gadda.ed.ac.uk/Pages/resources/essays/eros1-3.php
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